Operation Eradication

This is a more definitive root operation than just control of bleeding. Patient presents with epistaxis for the past several hours. In the ED, the patient receives nasal packing using tampon to help with the bleeding. This would be coded using the root operation of Packing. The end of weeds as we know them.

Eek-A-Mouse (born Ripton Joseph Hylton, 19 November 1957) is a Jamaican reggae musician. He is one of the earliest artists to be described as a 'singjay'.^[1]

Biography[edit]

Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Eek-A-Mouse began his music career when he was in college, releasing two roots reggae singles under his own name, which were produced by his mathematics tutor, Mr. Dehaney. These early works were influenced by the music of Pablo Moses.^[1][2] He then went on to work for various sound systems over the next few years and also released a few more singles. He adopted the stage name 'Eek-A-Mouse' in 1979, taking the name of a racehorse he always bet on; it was a nickname his friends had used for some time.^[2][3][4] He began recording for Joe Gibbs in 1979, having a hit straight away with 'Once a Virgin', now showing the influence of Ranking Joe,^[1] and this was soon followed with 'Wa-Do-Dem' (produced by Douglas Boothe), and 'Modelling Queen', which began an association with Linval Thompson, who produced his debut Bubble Up Yu Hip album.^[2]

By the end of 1980, he had linked up with producer Henry 'Junjo' Lawes, with whom he had big hits in 1981 with the likes of 'Virgin Girl' and a recut 'Wa-Do-Dem'.^[3] In 1981, he was the star of the Reggae Sunsplash Festival, cheering audiences still mourning over the death of reggae icon Bob Marley.^[4] His association with Lawes led to a string of successful singles and albums, and in 1982 his hits included 'Wild Like a Tiger', 'For Hire and Removal', 'Do You Remember', and 'Ganja Smuggling'. The same year he released his second album, Wa Do Dem.^[4] The 'Operation Eradication' single showed Hylton's serious side, the song inspired by the vigilante killing of close friend and fellow DJ Errol Shorter.^[2][4][5]Skidip was released before the year was out.

Further albums followed with 1983's Mouse and the Man, produced by Linval Thompson, and 1984's Mouseketeer, again produced by Lawes. He also featured on several of the live dancehall albums from the era, including the Aces International and Live at Skateland collections.^[2] In the second half of the decade his popularity began to wane slightly, and he targeted the United States with the Assassinator album in 1985 (his first US release), produced by Anthony and Ronald Welch.^[3][4] He also travelled to the United Kingdom to record The King and I the same year, the album targeted at the rock crossover audience to which he had begun to appeal.^[2]

His 1988 album Eek-A-Nomics saw him begin to establish himself with an international audience, spawning a club hit with 'The Freak', and he was signed by Island Records in 1989.^[4] He returned to prominence with 1991's U-Neek album, which continued the rock-oriented style, including a cover version of Led Zeppelin's 'D'yer Mak'er', and from which the hit single 'You're The One I Need' was taken.^[3][4] He went through a period of relative quietness before returning in 1996 with the Black Cowboy album.^[2]

He also has a performance in the 1991 gangster movie New Jack City playing a drug-dealing Rastafarian named Fat Smitty.^[2]

Eek-A-Mouse is a regular at Sunsplash and often teams up with reggae duo Michigan & Smiley. An album was issued of his performance in 1983. He was also featured on nu metal group P.O.D.'s album Satellite, lending his vocals to the rock-reggae track 'Ridiculous.' He can also be heard on OPM's album, ForThemAsses, on the track 'Perfect Day.' Eek-A-Mouse recorded a song with hip-hop recording artist Ditch, called 'Smoke it up' (2007, released in 2009), which is featured on Ditch's CD Public Intoxication. The song by Ditch and Eek-a-Mouse is featured on the Jack Herer documentary as well. Has as well teamed up with Bounty Killer and Damian Marley in 'Khaki Suit'.

He performed in Jamaica for the first time in eight years in August 2015 at the Marcus Garvey Festival in Ocho Rios.^[6]

Legal issues[edit]

On 16 August 2008, Eek-a-Mouse was arrested on charges of rape and narcotic possession. He fled the United States and an arrest warrant with a million dollar bond was issued.^[7] These charges were filed in Dare County, North Carolina after a performance at the Port O' Call restaurant. He failed to appear at the first hearing and was given a failure to appear charge and his bond was set at $1,375,000.^{[citation needed]}

On 21 November 2012, Eek-a-Mouse was found in Paraguay without a proper visa and was extradited to the US.^[7] He was initially charged with felony rape, felony kidnapping, felony cocaine charges and misdemeanor relating to possession of marijuana.^[8] In July 2013 he was released after a plea agreement, having pleaded 'no contest' to misdemeanor charges for assault on a female and attempted crime against nature, with his time already spent in prison covering his sentence.^[8]

Discography[edit]

• Bubble Up Yu Hip (1980), Greensleeves
• Wa-Do-Dem (1981), Shanachie
• Skidip! (1982), Shanachie
• The Mouse and the Man (1983), Shanachie
• Assassinator (1983), RAS
• Live At Reggae Sunsplash (1983), Sunsplash (with Michigan & Smiley)
• Mouseketeer (1984), Greensleeves
• The King and I (1985), Original Sounds/(1986), RAS
• Eek-A-Nomics (1988), RAS
• U-Neek (1991), Mango
• Black Cowboy (1996), Explicit
• Eeeksperience (2001), Coach House
• Mouse Gone Wild (2004), Sanctuary
• Eek-A-Speeka (2004), Greensleeves
• Live in San Francisco (2006), 2B1
• Eekziled (2011)
• Give it to them (2016), road block

Compilations

• Mouse-A-Mania (1987), RAS
• The Very Best Of (1987), Greensleeves
• Ras Portraits (1997), RAS
• At His Best (1998)
• The Very Best Of Vol.2 (2003), Shanachie
• Most Wanted (2009), Greensleeves
• Ganja Smuggling (2009)
• Reggae Anthology: Eek-Ology (2013), VP

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcBarrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) 'The Rough Guide To Reggae, 3rd edn.', Rough Guides, ISBN1-84353-329-4
2. ^ ^abcdefghThompson, Dave (2002) Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books, ISBN0-87930-655-6
3. ^ ^abcdLarkin, Colin (1998) 'The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae', Virgin Books, ISBN0-7535-0242-9
4. ^ ^abcdefgGreene, Jo-Ann 'Eek-A-Mouse Biography', allmusic, Macrovision Corporation
5. ^Lesser, Beth (2008) Dancehall: The Rise of Jamaican Dancehall Culture, Soul Jazz, ISBN978-0-9554817-1-0, p.37
6. ^Campbell, Howard (2015) 'Eek-A-Mouse in make-over mode', Jamaica Observer, 22 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015
7. ^ ^ab'Crime Blotter 201211301439057852'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
8. ^ ^ab'Eek-A-Mouse is a free man', Jamaica Observer, 30 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013

External links[edit]

Eek-A-Mouse on IMDb

Operation Mockingbird^[a] is an alleged large-scale program of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early 1950s and attempted to manipulate news media for propaganda purposes. It funded student and cultural organizations and magazines as front organizations.^[1]

According to writer Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and oversaw the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed after a 1967 Ramparts magazine article reported that the National Student Association received funding from the CIA. In the 1970s, Congressional investigations and reports also revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. None of these reports, however, mentions by name an Operation Mockingbird coordinating or supporting these activities.

A Project Mockingbird is mentioned in the CIA Family Jewels report, compiled in the mid-1970s. According to the declassified version of the report released in 2007, Project Mockingbird involved the wire-tapping of two American journalists for several months in the early 1960s.

History[edit]

In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the governments of both the United States and the Soviet Union to use media companies to influence public opinion internationally. In a 1977 Rolling Stone magazine article, 'The CIA and the Media,' reporter Carl Bernstein wrote that by 1953, CIA Director Allen Dulles oversaw the media network, which had major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies.^[2] Its usual modus operandi was to place reports, developed from CIA-provided intelligence, with cooperating or unwitting reporters. Those reports would be repeated or cited by the recipient reporters and would then, in turn, be cited throughout the media wire services. These networks were run by people with well-known liberal but pro-American-big-business and anti-Soviet views, such as William S. Paley (CBS), Henry Luce (Time and Life), Arthur Hays Sulzberger (The New York Times), Alfred Friendly (managing editor of The Washington Post), Jerry O'Leary (The Washington Star), Hal Hendrix (Miami News), Barry Bingham, Sr. (Louisville Courier-Journal), James S. Copley (Copley News Services) and Joseph Harrison (The Christian Science Monitor).^[2][3]

Reporter Deborah Davis claimed in her 1979 biography of Katharine Graham, owner of The Washington Post, (Katharine the Great), that the CIA ran an 'Operation Mockingbird' during this time.^[4] Davis claimed that the International Organization of Journalists was created as a Communist front organization and 'received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause.'^[5] Davis claimed that Frank Wisner, director of the Office of Policy Coordination (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the United States National Security Council) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the International Organization of Journalists, recruiting Phil Graham from The Washington Post to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, 'By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of The New York Times,Newsweek,CBS and other communications vehicles.'^[6] Davis claimed that after Cord Meyer joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's 'principal operative.'^[7]

Congressional investigations[edit]

After the Watergate scandal in 1972–1974, the U.S. Congress became concerned over possible presidential abuse of the CIA. This concern reached its height when reporter Seymour Hersh published an exposé of CIA domestic surveillance in 1975.^[8] Congress authorized a series of Congressional investigations into Agency activities from 1975 to 1976. A wide range of CIA operations were examined in these investigations, including CIA ties with journalists and numerous private voluntary organizations.

The most extensive discussion of CIA relations with news media from these investigations is in the Church Committee's final report, published in April 1976. The report covered CIA ties with both foreign and domestic news media.

For foreign news media, the report concluded that:

The CIA currently maintains a network of several hundred foreign individuals around the world who provide intelligence for the CIA and at times attempt to influence opinion through the use of covert propaganda. These individuals provide the CIA with direct access to a large number of newspapers and periodicals, scores of press services and news agencies, radio and television stations, commercial book publishers, and other foreign media outlets.^[9]

For domestic media, the report states:

Approximately 50 of the [Agency] assets are individual American journalists or employees of U.S. media organizations. Of these, fewer than half are 'accredited' by U.S. media organizations .. The remaining individuals are non-accredited freelance contributors and media representatives abroad .. More than a dozen United States news organizations and commercial publishing houses formerly provided cover for CIA agents abroad. A few of these organizations were unaware that they provided this cover.^[9]

CIA response[edit]

Prior to the release of the Church report, the CIA had already begun restricting its use of journalists. According to the report, former CIA director William Colby informed the committee that in 1973 he had issued instructions that 'As a general policy, the Agency will not make any clandestine use of staff employees of U.S. publications which have a substantial impact or influence on public opinion.'^[10]

In February 1976, Director George H. W. Bush announced an even more restrictive policy: 'effective immediately, CIA will not enter into any paid or contractual relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station.^[11]

By the time the Church Committee Report was completed, all CIA contacts with accredited journalists had been dropped. The Committee noted, however, that 'accredited correspondent' meant the ban was limited to individuals 'formally authorized by contract or issuance of press credentials to represent themselves as correspondents' and that non-contract workers who did not receive press credentials, such as stringers or freelancers, were not included.

Project Mockingbird[edit]

In 2007 a CIA report was declassified that is titled the Family Jewels.^[12] Compiled by the CIA in 1973, it refers to a Project Mockingbird and describes a wiretap of journalists. The report was compiled at the request of then CIA director James R. Schlesinger.

Dry cask storage. According to the report:

Project Mockingbird, a telephone intercept activity, was conducted between 12 March 1963 and 15 June 1963, and targeted two Washington based newsmen who, at the time, had been publishing news articles based on, and frequently quoting, classified materials of this Agency and others, including Top Secret and Special Intelligence.^[13]

The wiretap was authorized by CIA director John A. McCone, 'in coordination with the Attorney General (Mr. Robert Kennedy), the Secretary of Defense (Mr. Robert McNamara), and the director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (Gen. Joseph Carroll).' ^[13]

An internal CIA biography of McCone by CIA Chief Historian David Robarge, made public under an FOIA request, identified the two reporters as Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott.^[14] Their syndicated column, 'The Allen-Scott Report,' appeared in as many as three hundred papers at the height of its popularity.^[15]

See also[edit]

Historical studies of the CIA[edit]

• Wilford, Hugh (2008). The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-02681-0.
• Saunders, Frances Stonor (1999). Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London : Granta Books. ISBN978-1-86207-029-5.
• Thomas, Evan (1995). The very best men, four men dared: the early years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-684-81025-6.
• Ranelagh, John (1987). The agency: the rise and decline of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-671-63994-5.
• Weiner, Tim (2007). Legacy of ashes: the history of the CIA. New York: Doubleday. ISBN978-0-385-51445-3.

Note[edit]

1. ^For the purpose of this article 'Operation Mockingbird' and 'Project Mockingbird' are separate things. In the citations given the names are used interchangeably. Operation Mockingbird is the unconfirmed large-scale program spanning decades. Project Mockingbird is the confirmed wire-tapping spanning several months.

References[edit]

1. ^Armonk, NY (2004). 'MOCKINGBIRD, Project'. Encyclopedia of intelligence and counterintelligence (First ed.). Routledge. p. 432. ISBN0765680688. A Cold War-era CIA propaganda campaign, Project MOCKINGBIRD was begun in the late 1940s under Frank Wisner, director of the Office of Policy Coordination. Project MOCKINGBIRD sought to manipulate media coverage of the Cold War by recruiting foreign and domestic journalists to serve as clandestine propaganda agents for the United States. Enjoying mixed success in the late 1950s and 1960s, the program was ended in the 1970s due to mounting popular opposition to the CIA's cover operations and domestic activities.
2. ^ ^abCarl Bernstein (20 October 1977). 'CIA and the Media'. Rolling Stone Magazine.
3. ^THE CIA AND THE MEDIA. How Americas Most Powerful News Media Worked Hand in Glove with the Central Intelligence Agency and Why the Church Committee Covered It Up REPRINT
4. ^Davis, Deborah (1979). Katharine The Great: Katharine Graham and The Washington Post. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN0151467846.
5. ^Davis 138–140
6. ^Deborah Davis (1979). Katharine the Great. pp. 137–138.
7. ^Deborah Davis (1979). Katharine the Great. p. 226.
8. ^The surveillance, known as Operation CHAOS, was aimed at determining whether American opposition to the Vietnam war was being financed or manipulated by foreign governments. Ranelagh, 571–575.
9. ^ ^abChurch Committee Final Report, Vol 1: Foreign and Military Intelligence, p. 455
10. ^Church Committee Final Report, Vol 1: Foreign and Military Intelligence, p. 196
11. ^Church Committee Final Report, Vol 1: Foreign and Military Intelligence, p. 454
12. ^'Family Jewels'. FOIA Electronic Reading Room. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2016-12-14.. A searchable pdf of the report is available at the website of George Washington University's National Security Archive.
13. ^ ^ab'Family Jewels' Report, p. 22
14. ^Robarge, David (2005). John McCone as Director of Central Intelligence, 1961–1965 (part 2). Center for the Study of Intelligence. pp. 328–329. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
15. ^'Long-ago wiretap inspires a battle with the CIA for more information'. Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-12-12.