Refunction Meaning

Often called America's first truly modern architect, Sullivan argued that a tall building's exterior design (form) should reflect the activities (functions) that take place inside its walls, represented by mechanical equipment, retail stores, and offices. His 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, is an iconic showcase for Sullivan's philosophy and design principles.

Addresses – that is 'about' – the quotation that re introduces, and that preserves the connection between quotative re's function and preposition re's meaning. Refutation is the part of an argument that offers an opposing point of view. Here are some examples and observations of refutation.

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Observe the terra cotta facade of this early steel frame tall building: The lower floors require a different natural lighting window configuration than the central seven floors of interior office space and the top attic area. The Wainwright's three-part architectural form is similar to partners Adler and Sullivan's taller 1896 Prudential Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York, a similar form because these structures had similar functions. Tall buildings' major use—office work, a byproduct of the —was a new function in need of a new urban architecture.

Sullivan understood both the magnitude of this historical change in architecture and the possibility that beauty may be left behind in the rush to be the tallest and the newest. 'The design of the tall office building takes its place with all other architectural types made when architecture, as has happened once in many years, was a living art.' Sullivan wanted to build beautiful buildings, like Greek temples and Gothic cathedrals. 'All things in nature have a shape,' Sullivan said, 'that is to say, a form, an outward semblance, that tells us what they are, that distinguishes them from ourselves and from each other.' That these shapes 'express the inner life' of the thing is a law of nature, which should be followed in any organic architecture.

Sullivan suggests that the exterior 'shell' of the skyscraper should change in appearance to reflect interior functions. If this new organic architectural form was to be part of natural beauty, the building's should change as each interior function changes. Sullivan was a mentor to Wright, his young draftsman, who never forgot Sullivan's lessons. As he did with Sullivan's designs, Wright took the words of his lieber meister ('dear master') and made them his own: 'Form and function are one.' He came to believe that people were misusing Sullivan's idea, reducing it to a dogmatic slogan and an excuse for 'foolish stylistic constructions.' Sullivan used the phrase as a starting point, according to Wright.

Beginning 'from within outward,' the concept that Sullivan's function within should describe the outward appearance, Wright asks, 'The ground already has form. Why not begin to give at once by accepting that? Why not give by accepting the gifts of nature?'